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5 reference entries
Also: Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, Algoritmi
A ninth-century mathematician at Abbasid Baghdad whose algebra treatise helped establish algebra as a discipline and whose Latinized name gave English the word algorithm. His exact birthplace is unknown.
Read the sourced noteAlso: coexistence in medieval Iberia, living together
A modern historical label for the coexistence and interaction of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in medieval Iberia. It names real cultural exchange, but it does not mean equal citizenship or uninterrupted religious tolerance.
Read the sourced noteAlso: dhimmi status, protected peoples
The developing legal framework under Islamic rule that granted protected status to certain non-Muslim communities while assigning them an inferior civic and fiscal position. Its rules varied by period and place.
Read the sourced noteAlso: Maragha school, Tusi couple, Ibn al-Shatir models
Geometric devices developed by medieval Islamicate astronomers to repair problems in Ptolemaic planetary theory. Closely matching devices later appeared in Copernicus, while the precise transmission path remains under study.
Read the sourced noteAlso: Harranian Sabians, Sabians
A Syriac-speaking religious community associated with Harran. The mathematician and translator Thabit ibn Qurra belonged to it. Medieval sources call the group Sabian, but it should not be assumed to be identical with every community called Sabian in Quranic or later sources.
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